![]() The American Federation of Labor (AFL) invited craft workers to form separate national unions in 1886. Immigrant German barbers formed independent craft unions in the Twin Cities by 1883 and agitated to reduce hours of work. White journeymen barbers were in oversupply and earned low wages. First-class shops symbolized economic progress for their black owners. ![]() Twin Cities versions avoided the color line by serving both black and white customers. The first-class shops imitated those in the South that catered to white elites. One claimed to be the leading colored barbershop in Minneapolis. Paul, “first-class” barbershops employed journeymen black barbers in white uniforms. As villages grew into towns and cities, the barbers’ trade remained open to black men.īy 1875, black barbers resided in Fergus Falls, Maple Plain, New Ulm, Stillwater, and Winona. Paul before the Civil War, black barbers Ralph Grey and William Taylor helped refugees escape slavery. Shopping mall barbershops, consumer choices, and lost union membership led to organizational decline in the 1970s. Politically active from their first arrival, they allied themselves with third-party movements after World War I. Journeymen barbers were skilled craftsmen whose labor organizations helped shape the barbers’ trade in Minnesota.
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